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Table 3 Ambulatory care patterns overall and stratified by race and socioeconomic statusa

From: Differences in ambulatory care fragmentation by race

 

Number of visits, mean (sd)

Number of providers, mean (sd)

Percentage of visits with the most frequently seen provider (N = 6799)

Fragmentation Score,b

mean (sd) (N = 6799)

Total (N = 6799)

Primary Care (N = 6741)

Specialty Care (N = 6741)

Total (N = 6799)

Primary Care (N = 6741)

Specialty Care (N = 6741)

Overall

11.7 (7.1)

5.5 (4.4)

6.2 (5.0)

4.9 (2.4)

1.6 (1.1)

3.2 (2.0)

0.47 (0.17)

0.73 (0.16)

By race

 Black

12.0 (7.0)

6.0 (4.5)

5.8 (4.8)

4.7 (2.4)

1.7 (1.2)

2.9 (1.9)

0.49 (0.17)

0.71 (0.17)

 White

11.6 (7.1)

5.3 (4.3)

6.3 (5.1)

5.0 (2.4)

1.6 (1.0)

3.4 (2.0)

0.46 (0.17)

0.75 (0.16)

By income

  < $35,000

12.0 (7.1)

5.8 (4.5)

6.0 (5.0)

4.8 (2.4)

1.7 (1.0)

3.1 (2.0)

0.48 (0.17)

0.72 (0.17)

  ≥ $35,000

11.3 (6.7)

5.0 (4.1)

6.2 (4.9)

5.0 (2.4)

1.6 (1.0)

3.4 (2.0)

0.46 (0.16)

0.75 (0.15)

By education

  ≤ High school

12.0 (7.1)

5.9 (4.5)

6.0 (4.9)

4.8 (2.4)

1.7 (1.1)

3.1 (1.9)

0.48 (0.17)

0.72 (0.17)

  ≥ Some college

11.5 (7.0)

5.2 (4.2)

6.3 (5.0)

5.0 (2.4)

1.6 (1.0)

3.4 (2.0)

0.46 (0.17)

0.74 (0.16)

  1. aThe total sample size and the sample sizes for ambulatory care patterns by primary care vs. specialty care are slightly different, because some participants had care patterns with missing provider specialty. All pairwise comparisons within demographic characteristic are statistically significant (p < 0.05)
  2. bFragmentation Index is the reversed Bice-Boxerman Index (0.01 to 0.99); higher scores reflect more fragmentation