Table 2 Items with the highest and lowest values by group

Sample

Acquired through professional experience

2.86

1.01

Acquired through university education

1.96

1.07

Physicians

Acquired through professional experience

2.80

0.96

Acquired through university education

1.67

0.93

Non-physicians

Acquired through postgradutate training programs

3.05

1.22

Acquired through university education

2.37

1.14

With management position

Acquired through professional experience

3.17

0.88

Acquired through university education

1.88

0.90

Without management position

Acquired through professional experience

2.63

1.04

Acquired through university education

2.01

1.18

Factors of effectiveness

Highest

Mean

SD

Lowest

Mean

SD

Sample

Theoretical and practical lessons

4.86

0.45

Exclusive use of self-assessment

1.91

1.05

Physicians

Theoretical and practical lessons

4.85

0.50

Exclusive use of self-assessment

1.90

1.09

Non-physicians

Theoretical and practical lessons

4.88

0.38

Remote lessons

1.82

0.89

With management position

Theoretical and practical lessons

4.79

0.59

Exclusive use of self-assessment

2.09

1.08

Without management position

Theoretical and practical lessons

4.91

0.32

Exclusive use of self-assessment

1.78

1.02

Challenges

Highest

Mean

SD

Lowest

Mean

SD

Sample

Lack of financial support from their organization

3.93

1.63

Dialogue and discussion

1.32

0.66

Physicians

Lack of financial support from their organization

4.18

1.47

Dialogue and discussion

1.27

0.63

Non-physicians

Lack of time

3.75

1.09

Dialogue and discussion

1.40

0.70

With management position

Lack of time

4.00

0.97

Dialogue and discussion

1.26

0.52

Without management position

Lack of financial support from their organization

4.10

1.54

Dialogue and discussion

1.37

0.75

Outcomes

Highest

Mean

SD

Lowest

Mean

SD

Sample

Increased understanding of the healthcare systems

4.55

0.83

Improved relationships with superiors and top management

3.49

1.22

Physicians

Increased understanding of the healthcare systems

4.58

0.83

Improved relationships with superiors and top management

3.52

1.22

Non-physicians

Increased understanding of the healthcare systems

4.51

0.85

Improved relationships with superiors and top management

3.44

1.23

With management position

Increased understanding of the healthcare systems

4.50

0.90

Improved relationships with superiors and top management

3.74

1.09

Without management position

Increased understanding of the healthcare systems

4.59

0.78

Improved career prospects

3.27

1.33