Machine learning-driven prediction of medical expenses in triple-vessel PCI patients using feature selection

Chen, Kuan-Yu; Huang, Yen-Chun; Liu, Chih-Kuang; Li, Shao-Jung; Chen, Mingchih

doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12218-6

BMC Health Services Research

Table 3 Baseline characteristics of patients who underwent triple-vessel new-onset PCI

From: Machine learning-driven prediction of medical expenses in triple-vessel PCI patients using feature selection

Variables			2015–2017 New onset triple-vessel PCI patients (n = 4,835)
Variables			N	(%)
*Baseline*
Y	Surgical expenditure (mean, SD)		253,139 (240,402)
X₁	Gender	Male	1,060	21.92
X₁	Gender	Female	3,775	78.08
X₂	Age group	20–45	244	5.05
		46–55	737	15.24
		56–65	1,267	26.20
		65–75	1,530	31.64
		> 76	1,057	21.86
	Age (mean, SD)		65.46 (11.51)
X₃	CCIS stratified	0	205	4.24
		1	556	11.50
		2	750	15.51
		3	661	13.67
		4	568	11.75
		5	484	10.01
		6 +	1,611	33.32
	CCI score (mean, S.D.)		4.47 ± 3.00
*One year before variables (mean* ± *S.D.)*
X₄	The number of	H.D. Dialysis	166.10 ± 150.18
X₅	The number of	P.D. Dialysis	23.50 ± 24.14
X₆	E.D. visits		17.10 ± 38.40
X₇	Blood transfusion (Bag)		6.48 ± 8.16
X₈	Mechanical ventilation (Day)		9.78 ± 28.04
X₉	Outpatient expenditure (thousand NTD$)		107,343 ± 248,107
X₁₀	Hospitalization expenditure (thousand NTD$)		307,704 ± 267,111
X₁₁	The number of CABG vessels		2.78 ± 0.62
X₁₂	Prior IABP		92	1.90
*Baseline disease*
X₁₃	Hypertension		4,388	90.75
X₁₄	Hyperlipidemia		4,121	85.23
X₁₅	Stroke		1,591	32.91
X₁₆	DM		3,116	64.45
X₁₇	CKD		1,535	31.75
X₁₈	COPD		2,028	41.94
X₁₉	Gout		1,873	38.74
X₂₀	Asthma		1,159	23.97
X₂₁	Septicemia		1,682	34.79
X₂₂	Peptic ulcer		1,081	22.36
X₂₃	Palpitations		903	18.68
X₂₄	Liver cirrhosis		167	3.45
X₂₅	AKF		428	8.85
X₂₆	ESRD		436	9.02
X₂₇	Chronic pancreatitis		39	0.81
X₂₈	Dementia		126	2.61
X₂₉	Pressure ulcer		260	5.38
X₃₀	Gangrene		98	2.03
X₃₁	AF		393	8.13
X₃₂	HBV		368	7.61
X₃₃	HCV		191	3.95
X₃₄	Acute pancreatitis		152	3.14
X₃₅	Seizure disorder		52	1.08
*- Bleeding-Related*
X₃₆	Gastrointestinal bleeding		2,023	41.84
X₃₇	Major bleeding		1,242	25.69
X₃₈	Intracranial bleeding		138	2.85
X₃₉	TIA		1,594	32.97
*- Infection -Related*
X₄₀	Intraabdominal		553	11.44
X₄₁	LRTI		2,362	48.85
X₄₂	STBI		3,062	63.33
X₄₃	GTI		2,154	44.55
*Previous medication use*
X₄₄	Dopamine		23	0.48
X₄₅	Norepinephrine		7	0.14
X₄₆	Levophed		17	0.35
X₄₇	EPO		519	10.73
X₄₈	DPP4i		1,471	30.42
X₄₉	NSAIDs		4,244	87.78
X₅₀	CCB (Calcium channel blocker)		3,379	69.89
X₅₁	Metformin		1,930	39.92
X₅₂	Lipid-lowering		3,545	73.32
X₅₃	Sulfonylureas		1,752	36.24
X₅₄	BZD		2,833	58.59
X₅₅	Alpha-blockers		1,620	33.51
X₅₆	B- blocker		3,350	69.29
X₅₇	Insulin		950	19.65
X₅₈	ACE inhibitor/ARB		3,579	74.02
X₅₉	Anticoagulant		4,251	87.92
X₆₀	TZD		473	9.78
X₆₁	Empagliflozin		34	0.70
X₆₂	Uric acid		1,036	21.43
X₆₃	Acarbose		610	12.62
X₆₄	Dapagliflozin		45	0.93

Abbreviations: CCIs Charlson comorbidity index score, SD standard deviation, ED Emergency department, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump, DM diabetes mellitus, CKD Chronic kidney disease, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AKF Acute kidney failure, ESRD End-Stage Renal Disease, AF Atrial fibrillation, HBV Hepatitis B virus, HCV Hepatitis C virus, LRTI lower respiratory tract infections, STBI Soft tissue and bone infection, GTI gastrointestinal infection, TIA transient ischemic attack, EPO Erythropoietin, DPP4i Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, NASIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, CCB Calcium channel blocker), BZD Benzodiazepines, TZD Thiazolidinedione

Back to article page

ISSN: 1472-6963

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com