Table 2 Summary table of included articles (n = 39)
First author, citation | Year | Country | Health service | Intervention of focus (classification type) | Staff sample characteristics | Rurality | Data collection approachb | Use of implementation TMF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrilla [25] | 2017 | USA | Primary care | Buprenorphine maintenance treatment– prescription of buprenorphine to treat opioid use disorder. (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 1,124). Physicians | Rural, as defined by an Urban Influence Code designation | Quantitative (surveys) | No |
Beks [26] | 2022 | Australia | Community health | Tulku wan Wininn primary health mobile clinic using an Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organization model of service delivery (Model of Care) | (N = 19). Included health service personnel and key informants (n = 12), and Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander clients (n = 7) | Rural, as defined by the Modified Monash Model | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Berends [27] | 2012 | Australia | Hospital | Screening and brief intervention for risky alcohol use and referral to treatment (Screening & Assessment) | (N = 149). Survey participants (nurses; n = 142); Interview participants (stakeholders; n = 7) | Regionala | Mixed methods (surveys, interviews) | No |
Chatterton [28] | 2022 | Australia | Community health, public mental health service with tertiary education provider | Telehealth mental health response in a regional public mental health provider. Targeted to healthcare providers and patients (Digital Health Intervention) | (N = 32). Medical, nursing and allied health staff | Regionala | Qualitative (interviews, focus groups) | No |
Daugherty [29] | 2021 | USA | Hospital, Primary care | Clinical Recommendations in the CDC Paediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Guideline– targeted to healthcare providers and patients (Guideline/ Recommendation) | (N = 9). Healthcare providers, including physicians (n = 5); physician assistant (n = 2); nurse practitioners (n = 2) | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
DeHart [30] | 2021 | USA | Hospital, Primary care | Telehealth modalities including live videoconferencing, store-and-forward, remote patient monitoring and mobile health (Digital Health Intervention) | (N = 17). Health providers, including administrators (n = 7); nurses (n = 3); physicians (n = 2); dieticians (n = 2); counsellors (n = 1); social workers (n = 1); educator (n = 1) | Mixed rural/regionala | Mixed methods (surveys, interviews, focus groups) | No |
Delaforce [31] | 2023 | Australia | Hospital | Concentric Care fall prevention platform– digital intervention targeted to nursing staff in inpatient settings. Consists of speech-enabled nurse call system, location services and digital dashboards to assist with care provision for high-risk fall patients (Digital Health Intervention) | (N = 12). Nursing staff, including nurses (n = 8); nurse managers (n = 4) | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews, focus groups) | Yes (CFIR) |
Druskin [32] | 2022 | USA | Range of healthcare settings | Parent–Child Interaction Therapy targeted to patients, families, and healthcare providers– opioid crisis-related emotional and behavioural intervention for children, teaches positive and appropriate strategies for parents. (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 34). Therapists at doctoral level and masters level, and doctoral student trainees | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Dwyer [33] | 2020 | Australia | Hospital | Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care's Acute Stroke Clinical Care Standard (Guideline/ Recommendation) | (N = 11). Clinicians; including interview participants (n = 3; pharmacist, senior nurse, physiotherapist); focus group participants (n = 8; neurologists, a general medical physician) | Regional, using the Accessibility/Remoteness Index for Australia 2011 system | Qualitative (interviews, focus groups) | No |
Ervin [34] | 2019 | Australia | RAC | Older person's nurse practitioner role and extended scope of practice in residential aged care (Model of Care) | (N = 58). Health service management, care managers, nursing and care staff, and GPs | Mixed rural/regionala | Qualitative (interviews, focus groups) | Yes (May’s Implementation Theory) |
Findholt [35] | 2013 | USA | Primary care | Implementation of the American Medical Association Expert Committee recommendations for assessment, treatment and prevention of childhood obesity (Guideline/ Recommendation) | (N = 13). Clinicians | Rural, using Urban Influence Code designations | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Fletcher [36] | 2016 | Australia | Hospital, primary care | Advanced Care Planning– discussion exploring issues of end-of-life experience for patients in aged care facilities. Targeted to healthcare providers and patients (Care Planning) | (N = 55). GPs, general practice registrars, practice nurses, community nurses, hospital nurses | Mixed rural/regional, as defined by ASGC– Remoteness Area | Qualitative (focus groups) | No |
Harrod [37] | 2014 | USA | Hospital | Effort to prevent healthcare-associated infections for patients—included data on the local safety culture, administrative support for infection prevention, and hospital's infection prevention program (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 72). Lead infection preventionists at rural veterans’ affairs hospitals | Rurala | Mixed methods (surveys, interviews) | No |
Henderson [38] | 2018 | Australia | Range of healthcare settings | Integrated care for older people with mental health problems (Model of Care) | (N = 31). Healthcare providers; included NGO (n = 3); social support services (n = 3); mental health (n = 4); aged care (n = 4); primary care (n = 9); community health (n = 6); local government (n = 1); hospital (n = 1) | Mixed rural/regionala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Hill [39] | 2022 | Australia | RAC | Provision of prescribed texture-modified food and fluids for residents with dysphagia (Guideline/ Recommendation) | (N = 11). Included nurses (n = 6) and food services staff (n = 5) in aged care facility | Rurala | Qualitative (focus groups) | No |
Howland [40] | 2021 | USA | Primary care | Telepsychiatric Collaborative Care (support to providers treating patients at FQHCs) or telemental health referral (videoconferencing patient assessment and treatment at FQHC) (Digital Health Intervention) | (N = 14). Including off-site telepsychiatrists (n = 10); telepsychologists (n = 4) | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews) | Yes (CFIR) |
Khoong [41] | 2014 | USA | Primary Care | Clinical preventive service guidelines (Guideline/ Recommendations) | (N = 29). Primary care physicians | Mixed rural/regionala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Kilcullen [42] | 2017 | Australia | Hospital | Delivery of neonatal palliative care by neonatal ICU nurses (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 8). Neonatal ICU nurses with experience providing neonatal palliative care | Mixed rural/regionala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Kirstman-Valente [43] | 2022 | USA | Primary care | Cannabis use reduction screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment model for adolescent cannabis users (Model of Care) | (N = 11). Patient-engaged providers/staff from Seattle Children’s Care Network Includes paediatricians (n = 7); paediatric nurse practitioners (n = 2); registered nurse (n = 1); practice manager (n = 1) | Regionala | Qualitative (focus groups) | No |
Kruse-Diehr [44] | 2022 | USA | Primary care | Colorectal Cancer Screening (Screening & Assessment) | (N = 7). Medical providers, primarily nurses from 4 primary care clinics | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Lam [45] | 2018 | Australia | RAC | Advanced Care Planning– discussion exploring issues of end-of-life experience for patients in aged care facilities (Care Planning) | (N = 114). Nurses, care managers, occupational therapists, medical doctors. Includes survey participants (n = 109; interview participants (n = 5) | Rurala | Mixed methods (surveys, interviews) | No |
Lillebuen [46] | 2020 | Canada | Hospital | Peritoneal dialysis provided by ED nurses (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 7). Nurse managers and clinical nurse educators employed at participating sites | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Littlewood [47] | 2019 | Australia | Primary care | Advanced Care Planning—supporting adults to understand and share values, goals, and future medical care preferences during serious and chronic illnesses (Care Planning) | (N = 13). General practice registrars and recently fellowed GPs | Rural, as defined by the Australian Statistical Georgraphical Classification– Remoteness Area | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Maxwell [48] | 2021 | Australia | Community health | Reablement-focused program for older people in regional Australia. Intervention included training for community-based organisational staff to incorporate and reflect on reablement into practice (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 17). Included care coordinators (n = 13, focus groups); direct care staff (n = 4, interviews) | Regionala | Qualitative (interviews, focus groups) | No |
Morgan [49] | 2019 | Canada | Primary care | Evidence-based interdisciplinary primary healthcare memory clinic for dementia (Model of Care) | (N = 25). Included primary healthcare team members, managers, office staff | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews, focus groups) | Yes (CFIR) |
Muir-Cochrane [50] | 2014 | Australia | Community health, RAC | Mental health care for older people through health and social services (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 19). Key informants from 16 local government and non-government health and social care agencies | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Nelson-Brantley [51] | 2021 | USA | Primary care | Cancer screening practices in rural primary care practices (Screening & Assessment) | (N = 28). Physicians, nurses, osteopath, medical assistant, care coordinator and administrators in primary care practices | Rural, as defined by Rural–Urban Continuum Codes | Qualitative (focus groups) | Yes (CFIR) |
Paliadelis [52] | 2005 | Australia | Hospital | 'Family centred care'– paediatric nurses’ involvement of parents in the care of hospitalized children (Model of Care) | (N = 14). Paediatric nurses | Regionala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Parchman [53] | 2020 | USA | Primary care | The Six Building Blocks program—management of patients using long-term opioid therapy. Includes leadership support, revision and alignment of policies, tracking and monitoring patients, planned, patient-centred visits, identifying and connecting to resources for complex patients, and measuring success (Model of Care) | (N not specified). Staff and clinicians, including opiod improvement team members, from six organisations | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews, focus groups) | No |
Porter [54] | 2021 | USA | Primary care | Three evidence-based intensive weight management programs: (1) Calcium Weighs-In (2) TOURS, and (3) diaBEAT-it! (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 51). Included physicians (n = 15); nurses (n = 11); clinic managers/ administrators (n = 9); physical assistants/nurse practitioners (n = 7), clinic staff (n = 7); health coach /coordinator (n = 2) | Mixed rural/regionala | Qualitative (focus groups) | Yes (PARiHS Framework) |
Rosado [55] | 2023 | USA | Primary care | Adverse childhood experiences screening protocol (Screening & Assessment) | (N = 12). Paediatricians; survey participants (n = 6); focus group participants (n = 6) | Rurala | Mixed methods (surveys, focus groups) | Yes (EPIS Framework) |
Rosenberg [56] | 2022 | USA | Hospital | ED-initiated buprenorphine for patients presenting with OUD (Clinical Practice/ Program) | (N = 11). ED Directors from Critical Access Hospital EDs | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Saunders [57] | 2019 | USA | Primary care | Substance use screening (alcohol/drug) (Screening & Assessment) | (N = 43). Primary care providers and medical assistants, including medical assistants (n = 22); nurse practitioners (n = 9); physician assistants (n = 8); medical doctors (n = 6); doctor of osteopathy (n = 1); and other (n = 2) | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews, focus groups) | Yes (Knowledge to Action Framework) |
Seidel [58] | 2022 | Germany | Hospital, Primary care | Dementia Care Management– multimodal and multiprofessional model of care for people with dementia. Comprises of management of treatment and care, medication management, and caregiver support and education (Model of Care) | (N = 22). Healthcare providers, including doctors (n = 2); nurses and care providers (n = 7); palliative care providers (n = 1); regional networks (n = 1); hospitals (n = 4); counselling services (n = 4); self-help services (n = 3) | Regionala | Qualitative (interviews) | Yes (CFIR) |
Shreck [59] | 2020 | USA | Community health | Telemental health delivered in Veteran's Health Administration through secure, real-time, interactive clinical videoconferencing systems (Digital Health Intervention) | (N = 9). Psychologists | Mixed rural/regionala | Qualitative (document review) | No |
Shulver [60] | 2016 | Australia | Hospital | Telehealth into mainstream healthcare services in the care of older people (Digital Health Intervention) | (N = 44). Clinicians and care workers | Rurala | Qualitative (focus groups) | Yes (Normalisation process theory) |
Stanford [61] | 2019 | Australia | Hospital | Patient-practitioner communication and education with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders within inpatient/outpatient cardiac or coronary care units (Model of Care) | (N = 17). Included nursing staff (n = 11); cardiologists (n = 5); Aboriginal health worker (n = 1) | Regionala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |
Watson [62] | 2022 | USA | Hospital | Recovery Coach and Peer Support Initiative– aims to implement peer support services within EDs, targeting patients with OUD, linking them to treatment and services (Model of Care) | (N not specified). 4 ED vendors participated. Interviewees included primary leader of implementation, peers, and supervisors of peers | Rurala | Qualitative (interviews) | Yes (CFIR) |
Wilkinson [63] | 2019 | Australia | Hospital | Evidence-based model of care for GDM care in dietetics, specifically Medical Nutrition Therapy (Model of Care) | (N = 8). Practitioners, including GDM dietitian, site project champion, dietetics project lead, and key stakeholders | Regionala | Qualitative (interviews) | No |