Table 2 Main activities in implementation planning

1

Recruit school nurses for implementation planning

2

Quantitative assessment of implementation determinants

Quantitative measures of intervention appropriateness and feasibility [48], Usability [49], Implementation Intentions for each core element (MISII, [50]), Readiness for change, short version [51], self-efficacy and demographics

3

Analyses of assessment and development of interview guide

Descriptive analyses of data and development of semi-structured interview guide

4

Qualitative interviews about common barriers and facilitators to implementation and specific barriers and facilitators identified through quantitative assessment

Informed by the updated CFIR framework [52], COM-B theory [53], and implementability theory [33]

5

Qualitative focus group interviews with school nurses

Three digital 60 min interviews conducted by SB, AM, and TE

6

Individual interviews with leaders of school health services

Five interviews of 45 min. Theories above supplemented by specific reviews of theory and evidence about implementation leadership and climate [50, 54]

7.

Co-design workshops to develop implementation strategies

- Literature reviews of core elements of effective implementation practice [47]

- Implementation strategy selection tool [45]

- Facilitated brainstorming

- Cognitive walkthroughs [46]

8

Causal modeling of:

- Each implementation strategy using linear pathway diagrams and logic models

- The complexity of all implementation strategies and the intervention over time using system dynamics modeling and calibration

- Causal pathway diagramming [55]

- Micro-theorizing [56]

- Causal loop diagramming and system dynamics modeling [57]

9

Iteration of step 7 to solve new barriers and consequences identified through system dynamics modeling

10

Member checking and feedback meeting with school nurses and leaders

8 school nurses attended. Final adjustments of implementation strategies made