Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of participants (n = 845 unless otherwise stated)
Variables | All | Public Hospitals | Private Hospitals | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Sex | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 201 (23.8) | 130 (30.4) | 71 (17.0) | |
Female | 644 (76.2) | 297 (69.6) | 347 (83.0) | |
Age (n = 844) | 0.014 | |||
< 30 | 160 (19.0) | 96 (22.5) | 64 (15.3) | |
30—39 | 437 (51.8) | 221 (51.8) | 216 (51.8) | |
40—49 | 189 (22.4) | 88 (20.6) | 101 (24.2) | |
50 or more | 58 (6.9) | 22 (5.2) | 36 (8.6) | |
Median [IQR] | 34 [30–40] | 34 [30–40] | 34 [30–42] | 0.006 |
Nationality (n = 844) | < 0.001 | |||
Kuwaiti | 90 (10.7) | 78 (18.3) | 12 (2.9) | |
Non-Kuwaiti Arabs | 114 (13.5) | 41 (9.6) | 73 (17.5) | |
Non-Arab Asians | 630 (74.6) | 306 (71.7) | 324 (77.7) | |
Others | 10 (1.2) | 2 (0.5) | 8 (1.9) | |
Country of graduation (n = 844) | < 0.001 | |||
Kuwait | 68 (8.1) | 60 (14.1) | 8 (1.9) | |
Arabic countries other than Kuwait | 125 (14.8) | 53 (12.4) | 72 (17.3) | |
Non-Arabic Asian countries | 629 (74.5) | 304 (71.2) | 325 (77.9) | |
Others | 22 (2.6) | 10 (2.3) | 12 (2.9) | |
Highest academic degree | 0.024 | |||
Diploma | 165 (19.5) | 73 (17.1) | 92 (22.0) | |
Bachelor | 553 (65.4) | 298 (69.8) | 255 (61.0) | |
Masters | 84 (9.9) | 41 (9.6) | 43 (10.3) | |
PhD | 43 (5.1) | 15 (3.5) | 28 (6.7) | |
Profession | 0.293 | |||
Nurse | 639 (75.6) | 319 (74.7) | 320 (76.6) | 0.074 |
Nurse Assistant | 11 (1.7) | 3 (0.9) | 8 (2.5) | |
Staff Nurse | 618 (96.9) | 314 (98.4) | 304 (95.3) | |
Director of nursing/ Assistant director of nursing | 9 (1.4) | 2 (0.6) | 7 (2.2) | |
Physician | 172 (20.4) | 94 (22.0) | 78 (18.7) | < 0.001 |
Trainee/ Resident/ Assistant registrar | 42 (24.4) | 41 (43.6) | 1 (1.3) | |
Registrar/ Senior registrar | 71 (41.3) | 39 (41.5) | 32 (41.0) | |
Specialist/ Senior specialist/ Consultant | 59 (34.3) | 14 (14.9) | 45 (57.7) | |
Pharmacist | 34 (4.0) | 14 (3.3) | 20 (4.8) | 0.161 |
Beginner pharmacist/ Pharmacist | 20 (58.8) | 7 (50.0) | 13 (65.0) | |
Senior pharmacist/ Pharmacy specialist | 9 (26.5) | 6 (42.9) | 3 (15.0) | |
Senior pharmacy specialist/ Chief pharmacy specialist | 5 (14.7) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (20.0) | |
Primary work area | < 0.001 | |||
Many different hospital units/ No specific unit | 75 (8.9) | 16 (3.7) | 59 (14.1) | |
Medical (non-surgical) | 299 (35.4) | 200 (46.8) | 99 (23.7) | |
Surgical | 252 (29.8) | 95 (22.2) | 157 (37.6) | |
Critical/ Emergency | 126 (14.9) | 74 (17.3) | 52 (12.4) | |
Clinical supportive services | 93 (11.0) | 42 (9.8) | 51 (12.2) | |
Years of professional experience | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 6 | 102 (12.1) | 102 (23.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
6—10 | 179 (21.2) | 125 (29.3) | 54 (12.9) | |
11—15 | 249 (29.5) | 96 (22.5) | 153 (36.6) | |
16—20 | 164 (19.4) | 63 (14.8) | 101 (24.2) | |
21 or more | 151 (17.9) | 41 (9.6) | 110 (26.3) | |
Median [IQR] | 10 [7–16] | 10 [6–10] | 11 [7–16] | 0.005 |
Years of experience in present hospital | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 1 | 94 (11.1) | 26 (6.1) | 68 (16.3) | |
1—5 | 354 (41.9) | 171 (40.0) | 183 (43.8) | |
6—10 | 221 (26.2) | 133 (31.1) | 88 (21.1) | |
11 or more | 176 (20.8) | 97 (22.7) | 79 (18.9) | |
Years of experience in present unit | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 1 | 115 (13.6) | 33 (7.7) | 73 (17.5) | |
1—5 | 381 (45.1) | 184 (43.1) | 194 (46.4) | |
6- 10 | 212 (25.1) | 131 (30.7) | 88 (21.1) | |
11 or more | 137 (16.2) | 79 (18.5) | 63 (15.1) | |
Hours of work per week | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 40 | 67 (7.9) | 51 (11.9) | 16 (3.8) | |
40–59 | 720 (85.2) | 343 (80.3) | 377 (90.2) | |
60 or more | 58 (6.9) | 33 (7.7) | 25 (6.0) | |
Direct contact with patients | 0.329 | |||
Yes | 814 (96.3) | 414 (97.0) | 400 (95.7) | |
No | 31 (3.7) | 13 (3.0) | 18 (4.3) | |
Accreditation status of the hospital | < 0.001 | |||
None | 166 (19.6) | 0 (0.0) | 166 (39.7) | |
National | 427 (50.5) | 427 (100) | 0 (0.0) | |
International | 252 (29.8) | 0 (0.0) | 252 (60.3) | |