Fig. 1

Overview of the long-term care (LTC) system in the Netherlands (HCP = home-care package; MCP = modular care package; PB = personal budget). For-profit providers are dominant in the SHNH market, whereas institutional care providers (i.e. in-kind financed nursing homes) are almost exclusively under not-for-profit ownership [6]. A high monthly co-payment is required for in-kind nursing-home care, with a maximum of €2.506 in 2022, and a lower monthly co-payment for publicly-funded home care, with a maximum of €913 in 2022 [7]